Mood Disorders

-       normal?

o  every area of life

o  persists

o  no reason

-       2 extremes

o  dysphoria

o  euphoria

-       episodes

o  time period

o  specifiers

§    severity

§    first or reoccurrence

§    nature of symptoms

Depressive Disorders

-       major depressive episode

o  symptoms

§    emotional symptoms

§    cognitive symptoms

§    somatic/behavioral symptoms

o  course

§    gradual onset

§    mid 20’s

§    2 weeks

§    remits after 6 months (no treatment)

·    ¼ symptomatic

o  prevalence

§    90% of diagnosed mood disorders

§    males vs. females

·    13/100 vs. 21/100

§    older adults

§    reoccurrence

·    60%

-       dysthymia

o  fewer symptoms, less severe

o  2 years

o  major depression    

§    10%

o  children, adolescents

§    1 year

§    cranky, irritable

o  onset

§    early, chronic

§    males vs. females

·    5% vs. 8%

§    older

·    2%

·    somatic symptoms

Bi-polar Disorders

-       characteristics of mania

o  1 week

o  episodes sudden

o  symptoms

§    emotional

§    cognitive

§    somatic/behavioral

-       2 levels

o  1. hypomanic

o  2. manic

-       bipolar I

o  1 manic episode

o  possibly MD

-       bipolar II

o  major depression, hypomania

-       prevalence

o  1.6%

o  males vs. females

§    mania

o  course

§    20’s

§    over 65, 0.1%

§    90% probability of reoccurrence (mania)

·    kindling

o  occurrence when medicated

§    intervals decrease with age

§    rapid cycling

·    4-8 episodes a year

·    5-15%

-       cyclothymia

o  1%

o  fluctuating mood

o  doesn’t meet bi-polar criteria

o  2 years (1 for kids)

o  10-15%

§    develop BP I or BP II

Theories of Depression

-       biological theories

o  genetics

§    runs in families

§    twin studies

·    15-20% vs. 67%

§    adoption studies

·    31% vs. 2%

§    multiple genes

o  neurotransmitters

§    monoamine depletion model

§    low GABA levels

§    high cortisol levels

o  area 25

§    overactive

-       psychological theories

o  childhood loss

o  stressful life events

§    change “scripts”

o  cognitive triad

§    negative view of self, world, future

o  cognitive distortions

-       sociocultural theories

o  interpersonal theory

§    poor social skills

§    depression

§    maintained by impaired skills, depression

Treatment of Depression

-       medical options

o  antidepressants

§    SSRI’s

·    50-70% respond

·    6 – 12 months

§    children, adolescents

·    Prozac

o  ECT

o  stimulating area 25

-       psychotherapy

o  cognitive behavioral therapy

§    new behaviors, change thoughts

§    75% show improvement

§    lower relapse rates

§    fewer side effects

-       sociocultural techniques

o  interpersonal therapy

§    measure degree of depression

§    social skills, problems

§    support, education, self-exploration

Theories of Mania

-       genetics

o  twin studies

§    43% vs. 6%

-       brain differences

o  amygdala, prefrontal cortex

o  neurotransmitters

-       medication

-       illnesses

-       sleep deprivation

-       stressful life events

Treatment of Bipolar Disroder

-       medication

o  mood stabilizers

§    Lithium

o  antidepressants

o  antipsychotics

-       psychotherapy

o       not substitute for medication

-       education

-       healthy lifestyle