What is a Group?
- interacting, influencing
- “us”
Social Facilitation (SF)
- mere presence of another
o
Triplett
§ SF = perform simple tasks
well in presence of others
o
Zajonc
§ arousal influences
performance
§ SF = dominant responses
strengthened in presence of others
- crowding
o
BP, HR increased
o
too aroused
- why are we aroused?
o
evaluation apprehension
o
driven by distraction
o
mere presence
Social Loafing (SL)
- people pool effort
- not personally accountable
- team = increased
productivity?
- SL = exert less effort when
working as a team
o
free ride
- why?
o
decrease in evaluation apprehension
o
diffused responsibility
- everyday life
o
moving
o
public television
o
collectivism vs. individualism
o
always lead to slacking?
§ challenging, appealing,
involving
§ incentives
§ friends vs. strangers
Deindividuation
- lose individuality,
evaluation apprehension
- why?
o
group size
§ action is by group, not
person
§ decreased evaluation
apprehension
o
physical anonymity
§ Zimbardo
§ 4x4 vs. convertible
§ uniforms
§ anonymity always bad?
·
uniforms cue behavior
Groupthink
- support harmony of group
- causes:
o
cohesiveness
o
isolation
o
directive leader
- symptoms
o
overestimate might/right
§ illusion of invulnerability
§ belief in morality
o
close-minded
§ rationalization
§ stereotyped view of opponent
o
pressure for uniformity
§ self-censorship
§ conformity pressure
§ illusion of unanimity
§ mindguards
- prevention
o
be impartial
o
devil’s advocate
o
air doubts
- group problem solving
o
logic problems
o
eyewitnesses
o
brainstorming
§ alone and with group
§ interact with writing
Minority Influence
-
one influences
group
-
factors
o
consistency
§ central route processing
§ creative thinking
- self-confidence
- defections from majority
o
most influential
§ lack of unanimity
- type of leadership
o
leadership = motivate, guide
o
types
§ task leadership
·
organize, goal oriented
·
directive
§ social leadership
·
teamwork
·
democratic
§ most effective?
·
depends
o members knowledge
·
show both
o goal oriented
o sensitive to group
§ transformational leadership
·
identify and commit to mission