- spotlight effect
o
overestimate others’ attention
- illusion of transparency
o
others’ read our emotions
- personal attributes
- self-schemas
o
elements of self-concept
o
help process social info
- self-reference effect
o
remember info related to self
- possible selves
o
dream or dread becoming
- development of self
o
social identity
§ groups identified with
o
social comparisons
o
others’ judgments
§ perception vs. reality
- individualism
o
Western cultures
o
personal attributes
o
priority to own goals
o
independence
- collectivism
o
Eastern cultures
o
interdependence
o
focus on relationships
o
greater sense of belonging
- effects on self-esteem
- effect on happiness
- political party differences
- explaining our behavior
o
often wrong
§ Nesbitt and Schachter research
- predicting behavior
o
obedience
o
future of relationship
o
consider past behavior
- self-analysis
o
aware of result, not process
o
analysis vs. intuition
§ dual-attitude system
· implicit attitudes
o
automatic
· explicit attitudes
o
consciously controlled
- practical applications
o
self-report is untrustworthy
o
sincerity isn’t always correct
- self-efficacy
o
evaluation of ability, competence
o
characteristics
o
depends on situation
o
increased?
§ moderately challenging tasks
- locus of control
o
internal vs. external
o
origins
§ how we explain setbacks
o
increase internal
§ believe in effort
- learned helplessness
o
no control over events
§ Langer and Rodin research
· choices = 93% improvement
- too much freedom?
- perceive self favorably
- examples
o
explaining events
§ success = ability, effort
§ failure = external factors
o
all better than average?
§ subjective, socially
desirable
§ what we’re good at =
important
o
unrealistic optimism
§ future events
§ negatives
· increases vulnerability
§ positives
· promotes well-being
§ remedy
· “defensive pessimism”
o
anticipate problems, develop coping skills
o
false consensus
§ overestimate agreement
§ opinion
o
false uniqueness
§ underestimate commonality
§ ability
- SSB as adaptive
- SSB as maladaptive
- desired image to self,
others
- self-handicapping
o
create excuses for failure
§ Berglas and Jones research
o
protects self-image
- impression management
o
conscious
o
self-monitoring
§ adjust behavior to situation
§ high vs. low