- relatively distinct and
consistent ways of
o
thinking
o
feeling
o
behaving
- psychoanalytic
o
Freud
o
exploring the unconscious
§ free association
· psychoanalysis
· levels of consciousness
o
conscious
o
unconscious
o
preconscious
§ repression
· thoughts blocked from
consciousness
· still influence us
o
dreams
o
structure
§ instinct vs. social
restraints
· id
o
unconscious
o
pleasure principle
o
survival power
o
structures
§ libido
§ thanatos
· ego
o
conscious self
o
reality principle
o
“executive”
· superego
o
morals, values
o
structures
§ conscience
§ ego ideal
§ defense mechanisms
· reduce anxiety
· distort reality
· types
o
repression
o
regression
o
reaction formation
o
projection
o
rationalization
o
displacement
o
sublimation
o
assessing the unconscious
§ projective tests
§ Thematic Apperception Test
(TAT)
§ Rorschach ink blot test
· reliability, validity poor
· still widely used
o
computerized scoring
Trait Perspective
-
characteristic
behaviors
-
conscious motives
-
Allport
o identifiable pattern
o describe, not explain
-
exploring traits
o 18,000 traits
o specific traits
§
factor analysis
·
statistical
procedure
o identify clusters
o Big 5
§
Sheldon’s
morphology
o biology and behavior
§
genetic influence
§
specific genes
-
assessing traits
o profile patterns
o inventories
§
MMPI 2
·
cross section
·
10 scales
§
objective scoring
Humanistic Perspective
-
healthy people
-
exploring the
self
o Maslow
§
self-actualization
o Roger’s person centered perspective
§
3 things for
growth
·
genuineness
·
acceptance
o unconditional positive regard
·
empathy
§
self-concept
·
thoughts,
feelings about self
-
assessing the
self
o questionnaires
o interviews
o research
§
possible selves
§
self-esteem
·
self-serving bias
o see self favorably
o accept success, excuse failure
-
behavior in
situations
-
think and act
-
reciprocal
determinism
o interacting with environment
§
choose different
environments
§
personality
influences our reactions
§
personality
creates situations
o nature and nurture interact
-
personal control
o locus of control
§
internal vs.
external
o learned helplessness
-
assessing
behavior in situations
o past behavior
o simulations