- energizes and directs
behavior
- instinct theory
o
fixed, unlearned
o
nominal fallacy
§ label, not explain
- drive reduction theory
o
need
§ aroused state
o
drive
§ reduce need
o
increased need = increased drive
o
homeostasis
§ “staying the same”
- incentive theory
o
rewards or punishments
o
need + incentive = strong drive
- arousal theory
o
create arousal, not reduce it
o
exploration
- hierarchy of motives
o
Maslow
§ physiological needs
§ safety needs
§ love and belongingness needs
§ esteem needs
§ self-actualization needs
o
order not universal
- physiology of hunger
o
hunger pains
§ Cannon and Washburn
· contractions = hunger
o
diet aids
o
no stomach?
o
body chemistry
§ glucose (G)
· blood sugar
§ insulin (I)
· sugar to fat
§ high I, low G = hunger
o
brain
§ hypothalamus
· lateral
o
brings hunger on
· ventromedial
o
depresses hunger
· work together
o
influence glucose levels
o
maintain set point
§ “weight thermostat”
§ heredity
- psychology of hunger
o
time since last meal
o
external factors
§ looks appealing
§ externals
· presence of food
· gain weight
o
taste preference
§ mood
§ genetic and learned
§ exposure
- physiology
o
fat cells
§ 30 billion
§ never disappear
o
set point
§ higher than average
§ metabolism
· gain vs. no gain
o
genetics
§ leptin
· protein
· depresses eating
· obese = insensitive
receptors
o
environment
§ low SES
§ exercise and diet
· 55% overweight
· 23% obese
- accomplishment, mastery
- measurement
o
projective tests
- task difficulty
o
low
o
high
§ moderately challenging
§ persist
- characteristics
o
achieve more
o
ambitious, energetic
o
self-discipline
o
productive
- intrinsic motivation
o
enjoy task
o
effective at task
- extrinsic motivation
o
seek reward, avoid punishment
o
undermine intrinsic motivation
§ football players