- distress
o subjective
discomfort
- impairment
o deficit in
functioning
- risk to self, others
o danger to
well-being
- unacceptable behavior
o norms
o vary by
culture
o context
- classification
o
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM)
§ describes
symptoms
§ insurance
purposes
- normal?
o
every area of life
o
persists
o
no reason
- 2 extremes
o
dysphoria
o
euphoria
- major
depressive episode
§ emotional
symptoms
· dysphoric mood
§ cognitive
symptoms
§ somatic/behavioral
symptoms
§ 13% males
vs. 21% females
§ emotional
symptoms
· euphoria
§ cognitive
symptoms
§ somatic/behavioral
symptoms
o
swing between depression and mania
o
1.6%
- “splitting
of the mind”
- psychotic
disorder
o
out of touch with reality
o
episodes uncontrollable
- characteristics
o
positive symptoms
§ hallucinations
§ delusions
§ disorganized
speech
§ disorganized
behavior
o
negative symptoms
§ loss of
functioning
§ affective
flattening
§ alogia
§ avolition
- 1%
- symptoms
o
apprehension
o
focus inward
o
lack of control
o
intense, irrational, incapacitating
o
panic attacks
§ symptoms
·
cognitive
·
somatic
·
sudden onset
o peaks in
10 minutes
§ 60%
nocturnal anxiety
o
2 or more attacks
o
persistent concern about attacks
o
specific phobia
§ particular
stimulus
§ avoidant
behavior
§ observed
by others
§ avoid
situations
-
obsessive-compulsive
disorder
o
obsessions
§ thought
§ insight
o
compulsions
§ repetitive
behavior in 4 areas
·
1. checking
·
2. symmetry and order
·
3. cleanliness, washing
·
4. hoarding
o
2%
- personality
disorder
o
long lasting, maladaptive
o
extension of "normal" characterstics
- diagnosis
o
life history
- ego-syntonic
o
80% don’t seek treatment
- antisocial
personality disorder
o
lack of remorse
o
under 18
§ conduct
disorder
o
prevalence
§ 4.5% vs. .8%
o
history
§ Cleckley
· criteria
for “psychopathy”
o
aggressive
o
irresponsible
o
indifferent to others
§ Hare
· Psychopathy Check List
o
2 factors
§ 1. core
personality traits
§ 2.
antisocial lifestyle
- borderline
personality disorder (BPD)
o
most common
o
characteristics
§ unstable
relationships
· “splitting”
o
all good or bad
§ abandonment
issues
§ identity
problems
· dramatic
shifts
· cutting
o
parasuicide
-
detached from self
-
alterations in consciousness, identity
-
types
-
dissociative identity
disorder (DID)
-
2 + personalities
-
host
-
core personality
-
alters
-
distinct from others
-
contrast from primary
-
transitions
-
“switching”
-
stress
-
physical transformations
-
women
-
15 alters
-
men
-
8 alters