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1
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- Cell division = multiplication!
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2
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- How many chromosomes in a human cell?
- How many chromosomes in the two daughter cells?
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3
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4
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5
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6
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7
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8
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9
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10
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- How many chromosomes in a human cell?
- How many chromosomes a human sperm?
- In a human egg?
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11
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12
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13
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14
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- External Fertilization
- + No finding mate
- - Extra gametes
- - Gametes vulnerable
- Internal Fertilization
- + Gametes protected
- + Energy saving
- - Finding a mate
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15
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16
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- Asexual
- + No finding mate
- Sexual
- - Finding a mate
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17
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18
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19
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20
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21
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22
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23
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24
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25
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26
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27
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28
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29
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30
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31
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32
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- Uncontrolled cell division
- Loss of contact inhibition
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33
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- Uncontrolled cell division
- Loss of contact inhibition
- Telomerase
- Apoptosis off
- Transformed
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34
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- 1908, Wilhelm Ellerman & Olaf Bang
- 1911, Peyton Rous
- 1972, Sarah Stewart
- 1976, J. Michael Bishop & Harold Varmus
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35
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36
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37
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38
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39
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40
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41
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- Using living cells to make a product
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42
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- Totipotent
- James Thomson,1998
- Mouse feeder cells
- Directed differentiation
- No mouse feeder cells, 2005
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43
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44
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45
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46
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- Genotype
- DNA
- 35,000 genes
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47
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48
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49
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- DNA
- Restriction enzyme digest
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50
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- DNA
- Restriction enzyme digest
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51
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- DNA
- Restriction enzyme digest
- RFLP
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52
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- DNA
- Restriction enzyme digest
- RFLP
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53
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- DNA
- Primer
- DNA polymerase
- Polymerase chain reaction
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54
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- Human genome project:
3 billion bases
- Human proteome project
- ATCGGTTCCAAATCGCTAATCGGTTCCAAATCGCTAATCGGTTCCAAATCGCTATCGGTTCCAAATCGCTAATCGGTTCCAAATCGCTAATCGTTCCAAATCGCTAATCGGTTCCAAATCGCTAATCGGTTCCAAATCGCTAATCGGTTCCAAAT
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55
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- Treat with correct protein
- Fix, block, replace abnormal genes
- Produce therapeutic proteins
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56
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- Bacteria
- Plants
- Transgenic animals
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57
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- Should criminals’ DNA be on file?
- Should your DNA be on file?
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58
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- Salah & Diana had their newborn son, Malik, tested for several
genetic disorders. Their son did have galactosemia, which, untreated,
causes severe brain damage and death. Fortunately, with early diagnosis,
the disease can be managed by diet.
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59
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- Malik's growth and development have been completely normal and at 5
years old, he is healthy and thriving. Recently, Salah changed jobs, his
new insurance company notified the family that Malik is considered high
risk because of another gene that predisposes him to high cholesterol.
The insurance company found Malik's early DNA tests through a company
that stores and sells information.
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60
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- b. Does the insurance company have the right to deny insurance to this
family?
- c. A biotech company also bought Malik's DNA tests; and scientists
discovered a new tumor suppressor gene in his DNA that may cure several
types of cancer. Who owns this gene? Should this gene be used to develop
an anticancer drug? Who gets the profits?
- d. Assume that Malik's DNA test showed that he has the Alzheimer's gene;
should he be told?
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61
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- Months of drought followed by months of rain have caused repeated crop
failure in sub-Saharan Africa leaving 18 million people with little
food. Couples often have as many as nine children because only one
survives to adulthood.
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62
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- a. Will this result in over-population if nine healthy children survive
in each family?
- b. Will this create dependency on the West?
- c. What will happen during the rainy season if the wheat doesn't grow?
- d. Who's responsible if, 5 years from now, it is found that this
high-protein wheat causes allergies?
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63
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- Researchers at Splicedna Company identified an anti-retroviral protein
in a deep sea sponge. The researchers have cloned the gene in Escherichia
coli bacteria and the bacteria are making large quantities of this
protein. Clinical trials of the purified protein show it kills HIV and
the FDA has approved use of this drug in humans. Treatment costs $20 per
month.
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64
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- b. AIDS is the leading cause of death in Africa. Should this drug be
made available to people in less developed countries, such as Namibia.
- c. Whose responsibility is it to make this drug available to everyone
who needs it?
- d. Would your answer to question a change if the cost was $500/month?
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65
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- One group of enzymes encoded by the cytochrome p450 genes breaks down
most of the drugs we use in our bodies. Individuals with some forms of
the cytochrome p450 genes are likely to show adverse reactions to about
100 common drugs ranging from asthma and psychiatric medications to
over-the-counter St. John's Wort. Normal doses of drugs are ineffective
for individuals with other forms of cytochrome p450. Signature Genetics
has produced a test for variations in the cytochrome p450. The test
costs $2000 and comes with a 50-page analysis for the patient and
physician.
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66
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- b. Who is responsible if a disease is not cured because this test wasn't
done?
- c. Who should pay for the test?
- d. Who should be responsible for reading the 50-page report? What should
be done after reading it?
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67
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- The Omnichip is a DNA test for variations in 100 genes. Roberto's
insurance pays for the OmniChip test for his family. The test shows that
his daughter does not have a mutant breast cancer (BRCA) gene, however,
his son shows a predisposition to heart disease. This heart disease can
be avoided with lifestyle and dietary choices.
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68
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- a. Who bears the responsibility of educating children about lifestyle
choices?
- b. Who bears the responsibility for a child's risk avoidance and
surveillance? For an adult?
- c. The OmniChip can't find every BRCA mutation. What are the
implications of a false negative for Jose's daughter?
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Notes
